Atomic force microscope

Atomic Force Microscope Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) or force microscope scanner Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM) is a microscope with a high analytical capacity, one of the types of microscopes scanner sensors, which we talked about and the one who Tunneling Microscopy STM scanner in the previous article. However, this microscope has a capacity of up to analyze the parts of a nanometer, where he was beyond reason optical zoom microscopes more than 1000 times. This is a sophisticated microscope scanner for Tunneling Microscopy STM. Invented the atomic force microscope AFM worlds Quate and Gerber in 1986. And provides the first device for use in the laboratory in 1986. This is the most famous tool microscope zoom, measure and move on the nanoscale level.

Recently Scientists Physicists at Osaka University in Japan to use the atomic force microscope AFM in the identification of the chemical composition and determine the type of each atom and their location on the map three-dimensional topography of the surface material at the atomic level. These scientists have discovered that interactions are atomic fingerprint to distinguish the atoms using a microscope AFM.

In this article, of how things work will shed light on this device and check how it works and the most important uses that can be carried out by atomic force microscope system.

Basic principle

Consists of an atomic force microscope AFM cantilever arm of the sensor probe at the end of the component from the top of mind known as a sharp tip is used to scan the surface of the sample. Arm are made of silicon or silicon nitride radius within a few nanometers. When approaching the top surface of the sample probe force generated between the head of the probe and the surface of the sample lead to the deviation of the force in the arm on the strength of the hook. The force would be a mutual mechanical strength or power or force or Vanderfal poetry Kahrostetekip force or magnetic force or the power of the Commonwealth of chemical or force Kzimar or other types of force, as this type of surface that is being studied. Can also study many kinds of force sensors using a special microscope and then called her name, such as magnetic force microscope, magnetic force Microscope (MFM) or scanning thermal microscope, scanning thermal microscopy or otherwise. In all of these mutual force microscopes occur in different kinds of deviation in the arm of an atomic force microscope, this deviation is measured by a laser beam deflection mirror installed on the arm of a microscope. And monitor the reflected laser beam on a matrix of linear Alfotodayud. Photodiodes. There are other ways to measure the deviation such as a scale interferometric optical interfermetry, or using Bisoketrk sensor or electrical capacity. According to the method of measuring the deviation is the design arm of the microscope example, if the measurement method relies on electricity compressibility (Bisoketrok), the arm made of materials Bisoketrok. But is the method of measuring laser rays deviation method more accurate and the most commonly used.
If the sensor is cleared when a certain height from the surface of the sample there may be a risk to the sensor that collide with the surface, In order to avoid this is to use feedback to control the distance between the sensor and the surface of the sample to keep them wrapped up Alambtadlp fixed. And is installed on the base of the sample material Bisoketrk move the sample in the z direction to maintain a constant value of force between the probe and the surface of the sample, as well as moving the sample in two dimensions x and y. There are other types of atomic force microscopes used Bisoketrik 3 crystals, each crystal is responsible for the direction of the traffic trends of the three. In modern designs are installed on the scanner arm Bisoketrik horizontal while the sample is moved only in directions x and y. In the end we get a map of space represent the topography of the surface of the sample.

Can run the atomic force microscope AFM in several types of operation and use this as required and the type of inspection you want. In general, patterns of operation can be divided into two types namely static operating style or mode of communication and the second type is the type of operating or dynamic pattern of non-contact.

Patterns of operation and taking pictures Imaging Modes

Reminded us that there are two major patterns of patterns of device driver and AFM Study are static, which is the withdrawal of the arm across the surface of the sample and not directly measure the topography of the surface through deviations in the arm. The Dynamic mode is oscillating arm near the surface at the resonant frequency of resonance frequency. Are measured by frequency and amplitude and phase and frequency resonance through force between the probe and the surface of the sample. These changes in frequency for the frequency reference gives information on the characteristics of the sample.

Study the pattern of contact or static
In this mode uses the deviation in the top of the sensor signal to the feedback and because the measured signal in this type of noise is being used less arm strength to enlarge the amount of signal deviations. And about the probe from the surface of the sample was designed to force repulsion caused by the electrons on the surface of the sample and the electron probe. Is to maintain a stable amount of power while scanning Altnarip this by maintaining the survival of deviation constant.


Dynamic mode or pattern of non-contact
Pattern of non-contact atomic force microscope



In this mode the sensor is not connected with the surface of the sample. But an arm oscillating at frequency slightly larger than the resonant frequency where the frequency capacity within a few nm (less than 10 nm). The force would be exchanged between the sensor and the surface of the sample is the strength of van der Waals Vanderfal which are dominant at that distance in any order of 1 to 10 nm above the sample, and this force acts to reduce the resonant frequency of the arm. This decrease in the resonant frequency is used in the feedback system that is maintaining the capacity to make the vibration fixed by re-adjust the distance between the sensor and the surface. By measuring the distance between the sensor and the surface while scanning in both directions x, y are plotted Tabgravep image to the surface of the sample using programs designed for it.
In this mode the sensor head is not exposed to any harm NH does not come into contact with the surface of the sample as occurs with the previous pattern. This makes it a preferred style of operating a dynamic and more particularly in the case dealing with the samples softball. But in the case of solid samples, the images taken with both types Tkona identical. But if you find a layer of nano-liquid on the surface of the sample types, the images will be going forward a bit different. Because the sensor in the style related to penetrate the liquid layer to give a picture of the surface below them, while the pattern is the caller will fluctuate over the surface and gives a picture of both the liquid and the surface together.

Pattern you
Single polymer chain, (thickness 0.4nm), recorded the pattern you Tapping mode in aqueous medium at different pH values

Often consists of a layer of water above the surface of the sample. Because we make the sensor very close to the top of the sample to obtain a reference to the measure of mutual force is likely to stick to the sensor head in the sample and to prevent this from happening is to develop the style of others connected to the pattern you tapping mode in order to overcome this problem.

In the pattern you fluctuate arm up and down near the resonant frequency and vibration have a capacity greater than 10 nm, ranging between 100 and 200 nm. Given the strength of the mutual influence on the arm when approaching from the surface of the sample Vanderfal the strength or power pole interacting binaries or electrostatic forces cause a change in capacity and less frequency, the closer the sensor head from the surface of the sample. Up the arm is controlled by Bisoketrk working to adjust the height of the arm during a survey sample. The pattern of this operating mode an ongoing pattern of non-communication.

Measure the deviation of the beam in your AFM

Reflected laser beam diode on the back side of the growers and is controlled through the detector is sensitive to the subject position sensitive detector (PSD) consists of two Votodiodin near each other and outlet of the microphone connector Votodayud differential amplifier. Angular displacement of the arm makes one Aldieudin pick up a signal is greater than Aldieud other. This gives a signal proportional to the deviation of the arm. And reach the sensitivity of the device to detect a deviation of less than 10 nm. Change can be enlarged in the corner, up along the beam path of the laser beam a few centimeters.

Force spectroscopy Force Spectroscopy

In addition to the use of atomic force microscope to obtain images at the atomic level using the microscope in the analysis of force, relationship to the measurements of force between the head of the probe and the surface of the sample as a function of the distance between them get results, known as the power curve and the distance force-distance curve. In this way be extended probe head and dragging the surface of the sample during the control arm as a function of deviation in removing Albisoketrik. This functionality is used in the measurements at the nanoscale such as links to the atomic forces and the forces of Vanrdval Kaysamar and the forces of decay in liquids and individual molecules and the forces of expansion and rupture. This force is very small within Allbeckonewton piconewton can not be measured in any other device and now it's measured AFM device and on the analytical precision of up to 0.1 nm. Can be obtained on the force spectroscopy measurements in both a typical operating static and dynamic.

To identify atoms and excellence
Image crystallize sodium chloride by atomic force microscope
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Uses standard atomic force AFM to obtain images of atoms, but also moved to the surfaces of materials. An atom at the top of the sensor sensitive to the atoms on the surface of an atom atom sample and a force with all the chemical atom. Because of these interactions alter the precise frequency vibration sensor head, they can be measured and sketched. On this basis, the distinction between atoms of silicon and tuna on the surface and lead alloy, by comparing the fingerprint Atomic and enlarge. Been observed that the head of the probe interacts strongly with the silicon atoms while the atoms interact with the tuna and lead less powerful. For this, the different atoms can be characterized in the form of a matrix during the passage of the sensor head on the surface of the sample.
Advantages and disadvantages

Atomic force microscope AFM has several advantages for scanning electron microscope SEM. It is also not the same as scanning electron microscope, which provides images two-dimensional Femicroskub atomic force gives three-dimensional images of the surface, in addition to that the samples do not require address the special as in the electron microscope Kngtitha carbon or gold, this invalidate the sample, and the microscope works in normal circumstances in while the electron microscope requires that the work in a vacuum. This has made atomic force microscope to study the organ of the living cell. The atomic force microscope has a high analytical capacity beyond the capacity of SEM and STM.
One disadvantage of AFM compared to a device with a SEM is the size of the image. The move, SEM is able to size up to a few millimeters and a depth of up to a few millimeters, but the AFM device works on an area of 150x150 micrometers and a depth of 10-20 micrometer. However, this defect has been dealt with through the development of devices by AFM, IBM is working Bmjsin parallel.

The use of the head sensor tip is not suitable may give some defects in the resulting image. In addition to the AFM works slowly compared with the SEM, which gives a vivid picture of the sample, the AFM requires that works for a few minutes to give a picture. This delay leads to thermal drift in the image, which makes atomic force microscope is not suitable for accurate measurements of distances on the topographic image. Devices are being developed AFM to overcome this problem with known videoAFM and running more quickly than in SEM.

AFM images are affected by hysteresis in the material retardation Albisoketrik and overlap in the signals captured for each of the x, y during the survey but this was overcome by using sophisticated software and special filters or by using separate orthogonal scanners.

U.S. Nuclear Reactors Could be Made in China

Groups representing some of America’s top manufacturers are registering complaints publicly and with the Obama administration over the proposed federal loan guarantee to build two nuclear reactors in Georgia, the manufacturing of which they say will be sourced overseas.

American manufacturers claim that jobs created by taxpayer-backed loan guarantees should be domestic jobs. They also claim that the nuclear reactor components should be American-made due to safety concerns.

The Obama administration last week announced $8.33 billion in loan guarantees for the creation of two new nuclear reactors to be built near Augusta, Georgia, saying the project will create hundreds of American jobs.

But domestic manufacturers have claimed that many of the parts will be manufactured overseas, mainly in Asia. Because the U.S. has built no nuclear reactors in the past three decades, many of the components are designed and produced exclusively overseas.

“If we’re going to start shoveling a lot of money at nuclear, and nuclear is part of America’s plan to get less oil-dependent, then we need to build it ourselves,” Thomas M. Conway, vice president for the United Steelworkers union said in a statement.

Many leaders in the manufacturing industry fear that China could take a leading role in producing many of the essential parts that will go into the reactors.


Writing for the Huffington Post, Executive Director of the Alliance for American Manufacturing Scott Paul says that the components should be manufactured in America for the simple fact that regulators can better monitor the safety of the products.

“It just does not make sense to manufacture components overseas, where our regulators have less ability to monitor safety,” he writes. “More directly, it makes absolutely no sense to allow the manufacture of critical nuclear power components in China, which has a very spotty track record on product safety.”

Scott points out that in recent years Chinese-made products imported to the U.S. including steel, toys, tires, pet foods, blood thinner medication and toothpaste have all raised safety concerns for one reason or another.

“Combining outsourcing with nuclear safety is dangerous chemistry — and risky politics,” he writes.

USW President Leo Gerard, in a letter sent to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, said that the pursuit of free trade should not get in the way of good policy and product safety.



“Utilizing domestic capacity will not only help to spur economic growth and employment, but will ensure that we have the highest degree of confidence in the safety, security and integrity of the products being used in nuclear reactors,” he wrote. “Safety should not fall prey to free trade ideology nor simply be auctioned off to the lowest bidder. The safety and security of our citizens must be our paramount concern."

Definition language CGI

The word means CGI common gateway interface, a small programs end extension CGI or PL and is written in Perl and the mother, some of the size of 1 KB and does not exceed 200 KB.

May read less do some relevance but can be limited to the benefits of this type of program, like most mailing lists that spread in the locations used a CGI in order to complete their work and remind forums we talk about all dependent files CGI and Oziedkm example some sites specialized in greeting cards and locations of the talks and sites Dating and others, as most of the models you see in the Internet depends on the CGI file, such as e-mail forms and forms that ask you to put data and then send.

I think that when you master the language well CGI will be able to establish a register of visitors to your site as you can put a forum or researcher or lists ... etc.

Requirements of the work on the CGI

Files CGI has no program displays a text files can be exploited by any text editor such as Notepad or WordPad or Word, and was in the past When you create a CGI you connect to the Internet in order to see your site such as the language of html when you edit your profile you should see the result when you are connected The Internet now have dozens of programs that allow you to preview your work without Alitsalb Internet programs such as FrontPage as well as the same for CGI programs, there are currently enables you to run CGI files in your computer and connect to the Internet and you need some programs in that:

The library PERL:

Is a library to run CGI files as when you load the library must be placed in a folder named perl in C.

Programme Omni Httpd:

Is a Serveur your own running CGI files without transfer to the hosting company in the Internet.

Program Ws-Ftp:

This program is the most famous programs in the transfer of sites from your PC to the company hosting your site also prefer to use CGI to transfer files to your site after completion of the work and make sure work is correct.

Kalmvkrp text editor:

Notepad or WordPad will help you to open the files of the CGI and the amendment.

This brief meaning of CGI files and programs to help them and that lets you create files great.

Energy in chemical reactions

The benefits of magnetic water
Has shown a lot of research and experiments carried out in several scientific centers specializing in various countries of the world, that one of the main reasons that cause many of the problems facing mankind now closely linked to changes that occur at the level of magnetic fields of the planet. These changes are those that can clearly explain why people went in different countries are suffering from serious infections almost reach the level of epidemic diseases, as a direct result of the activities of the life of the environment by all humanity and without exception, which led to the imbalance dramatically in the ecological balance , demonstrated its manifestations in the form of a planetary catastrophe as a phenomenon of global warming, and because of these activities, which did not take the very beginning of Guanyin, the ecological balance, land has lost more than 50% of its magnetic per thousand in the past only. And the installer scientifically that magnetic energy plays a central role in the organization of all life forms on the surface of the globe. Because they form a protective shield to prevent the arrival of the deadly cosmic rays such as gamma rays and X-ray, and it also plays a very important role in the organization of the vital functions of all living organisms.
And from between one of the main reasons to the spread of health problems we are experiencing today is a form of contemporary life in which we live that would isolate us from benefiting from the positive effect of the magnetic field of the Lord. We live in houses of cement-lined iron and steel, and this material is considered to be insulating materials to prevent our bodies absorb the magnetic energy coming from space, and necessary, to streamline operations and physiological prerequisites Albyukimiiip inside. Which complicates the matter even more is that we have come on a daily basis dealing with radios, and television, and computer, and mobile ... Etc., is well known that these devices make abnormal magnetic fields suspected of being linked directly to some health problems such as headache, fatigue, poor eyesight, poor digestion, pain different body ..... Etc..
And has shown the tests conducted in Japan in the fifties of the last century that the existence of rights for long periods in isolation from the direct impact of the strong magnetic natural lead to an imbalance in the equilibrium diversity of the human body, and of the loss of vitality and activity, and pains and aches are dispersed the body, in addition to intermittent headache, and feeling dizzy, and this makes us the symptoms displayed, and easy prey to many diseases, which can each be lethal.
From all of that we can understand why the natural magnetic energy is a key factor and can not be vital to life on the Earth's surface that upright without it?
Dynamic magnet inside the human body.
As is well known that the human body consists of trillions of cells, which are subsequently different body tissues and blood. These cells work accurately and tightly. And supports the activity of these cells or inactivity of the magnetic energy, where each cell of the body is a magneto small. And the body to send pulses of electromagnetic energy from the brain via the nervous system of the cells until you perform its functions according to need, with the body. These biological processes are complex high-speed, helps the body so as to deal itself without reaching the stage of the disease, as shipments of the body be in the case of a tie, and this kind of internal biological equilibrium is termed the dynamic magnet.
And see the many scientists that the science employment magnet in the areas of health and various medical will have a lead in the foreseeable future, because he was inspired by pristine nature, and is what is now called the "friend of the environment", which has no side effects compared with chemical drugs and toxic industrial materials that we use on a daily basis. And the latest research has proved that the medical body is exposed to magnetic fields, can affect the capacity of each cell of the body due to its ability to access high inside. This explains the remarkable effect of magnetic fields in treating wounds, as proven to reduce fibrosis, and perforation in wounds of different origin. And as was also proven that exposure to magnetic fields reduces the sense of pain for patients with specific conditions such as dental pain, stiffness and pain of joints and, in addition to assistance in the treatment of eczema and asthma. It was observed that the magnetic field power directly proportional to the type of biological processes that occur within the cells and the type of tissue exposed to magnetic fields.
Magnetic techniques to help find solutions to the problem of water shortages and problems related to agriculture.
Perhaps among the most promising areas, which can be techniques for the magnet to help find solutions to them is the problem of "lack of water", which is at the present time, one of the most serious problems facing the world in general, and the Arab world in particular, which more than Compounding the problem is that the exacerbation of the problem of water continuously, and so it was not coincidence that the scientists began raising alarms over the risk to that future wars will be due to the severe shortage of potable water supply for employment in various fields. And despite the fact that the Arab region are rich sources of natural water, but that poor rationalization of consumption, and employment of traditional methods in the preserved natural water sources, and waste disposal plants toxic chemicals and to discharge into the cavity of the sea and rivers, which makes matters worse is the increase steady in the number of stations that desalinate water, which ultimately leads to increased salinity of the sea and rivers.
And many scientists see in disarray and the process of water desalination by traditional methods are not killed, but will slow the water, because the desalination depends on the addition of certain chemicals such as chlorine and fluoride, and ammonium salts, which is scientifically proven adverse impact on people's health. Add to that the water is subjected to the operations of condensation, and air pressure is higher, leading to what are termed the "dead water". When using this water will have lost a lot of unique and vital properties, and causing a lot of different health problems.
And of all the above it is clear that the process of finding new ways to reduce the negative impacts of desalination, using methods consistent with the laws of nature, can help undoubtedly solve many health problems and environmental, in particular, and if we take into account that there are at least one billion people worldwide do not have clean water and safe to drink, or drink contaminated with Mea, according to reports from international organizations working in this area. which explains clearly the proliferation of the vast quantity of infectious diseases or those that were not already known before. Which complicates the matter even more is that about 60% of the water we drink is water and an unhealthy loss of vitality from the biological standpoint, and this water is conventionally called the "dead water".
Among the more promising technologies that can help to overcome the negative effects of drinking or the use of local water, or contaminated process is the use of pipeline works on a special magnetic magnetized drinking water, or those that are used in various industries, and by passing water through the magnetic tubes, and then we can Nhsol on what can be called termed a "magnetic water". That the magnetized water is an attempt simplified to mimic what happens in nature completely, and because the water when it passes through the magnetic field naturally become more vibrant, and active biological standpoint, it helps to improve the movement of blood and connected to the body's tissues and cells, which significantly help in raising the capacity of the immune system. After magnetizing water changed a lot of properties and chemical Aelovesiaiip. And have noticed that the magnetized water helps to dissolve salts and acids, a higher level of water is not magnetic, and and that water is magnetized to have a property of dissolving oxygen higher degree of local water, in addition to Tsrsa chemical reactions and have demonstrated our research that the magnetized water helps significantly in the clean-up operations and to get rid of the bacteria, and many chemical contaminants. On the other hand our research proved that drinking magnetized water at the rate of UK daily, especially in hot countries help rid our bodies of large amounts of various toxins in our bodies within, and also help to improve the functioning of the digestive system. And there are many cases of patients who complain of a Hasawi in total disintegration and went out of their bodies without taking any kind of drugs, and without surgical intervention as and there are cases of disease controversial, some chronic and for a long time we have for a remedy by drinking and bathing water Magnifier With the recruitment of some other magnetic devices for the same purpose. And theoretically assume that drinking water magnetic continuously can help in the prevention of injury from stroke, and stroke, and stiffness of the arteries, and problems related to blood pressure, and because the water magnetic activates the movement of blood within the arteries and veins, and helps in dissolving the salt deposits on surfaces. As well as assess and address of the acidity of the stomach, constipation, and chronic headache. And see the famous American doctor Kenneth McLean that "magnet is a gift of it to God, is with the benefit of everything." It is believed by many scientists and researchers that magnet therapy will become one of the main pillars of alternative medicine in the diagnosis and treatment, and confirmation of this is that the most secure and accurate device used in the field of medical diagnostic device is currently "" MRI
Start the body to treat himself
In the agricultural field, the tests applied were conducted in both the UAE and Sudan, and Egypt, and Indonesia have been heralded by the outcome of important water-use magnetic operations to irrigate crops, and magnetized seeds for many of the plants before you start planting, as magnetized seeds Isa'dali activation energy potential. And support the recruitment techniques magnetic irrigation taking Alaattabaraadp factors, including salinity of the water, and soil salinity, and speed the flow of water from the devices used for irrigation and kind. And by the fact that water Magnifier helps in breaking up and fragmentation of powerful ministries salts, it will greatly help the clear-laundering soil and help plants to absorb water and minerals easily, even in soils high salinity and the light of information available to us, the process of irrigation water, magnetic helps to accelerate the maturity of crops, and increase the ability of plants and crops to resist diseases, and obtaining the crops agricultural good in terms of quantity and type, and more importantly, that the magnetized water helps in the provision of water used in irrigation, and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, which will reflect positively on the health of the environment and people.
Now under way and some studies and research in the recruitment of so-called "sediment magnetism," which comes with the Nile waters, which are believed to be a revolution in the agricultural field, and especially in the employment of this technique in the desert areas
And not only employ magnetic technology only to medical and agricultural areas and water desalination, but can also be employed in the field of thermal energy, and petroleum industry, and petrochemicals, and construction as the use of cement amended by magnetized water increases with the magnitude of potential savings in cement, and new technology for food, and even in the field of research, artificial rain.
And other benefits of magnetic water, its ability to increase the strength of detergents, solvents, enough to make it possible to use a third or a quarter of the amount used is usually from this cleaner.
In cases of normal contamination of lake water, the magnetically treated water made the lake water fit for human consumption Consumption.
In the area of animal husbandry, the application of this technology leads to a marked increase in the weights and the growth of small animals as well as an increase in the rate of milk production and a decline in Mgdl deaths. The results are excellent in the field of poultry by weight gain.
As well as magnetized water helps to kill bacteria and algae. In this regard, it can be used with swimming pools If the magnetic water basin can be used half the amount of chlorine used for several water purification.
There is no doubt that the science magnet, and will contribute to the active contributions in finding effective solutions to many health problems and environmental suffered by mankind in general and the Arab region in particular, and because these sciences are based on the close relationship between man and nature.