Sciences: Ibn al-Haytham

Ibn al-Haytham
Al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham Abu Ali 965-1039. Ibn al-Haytham was an Arab world in mathematics, optics, and engineering, with numerous books and scientific discoveries that have been confirmed by modern science [1].

Is the first between the reality of the vision that the light comes from objects to the eye, and not vice versa as scientists had thought, until his time. And attributed the invention of the camera as a principle work. He first described the eye dissection fully clarify the functions of its members. The first studied the effects of psychological factors and catching.
Birth and upbringing

Born Ibn al-Haytham in the state of Basra in 354 e -965 AD, in the era was booming in various sciences of mathematics and astronomy, physics, medicine and others, there are rushing to study engineering, optics, and read books of his predecessors of the scholars of Greece and the world Andalusian Zahrawi and others in this area, [need Source] wrote several letters he wrote in the science and contributed to the development of the main rules of her, and complete what he had started the great world Zahrawi.

It was in all conditions ascetic in the world; studied in Baghdad, medicine, and passed an examination scheduled for anyone who wants work profession, majoring in medicine Kahala (Ophthalmology), the people of Baghdad, they mean the question in several sciences, although the city was full of elites of the top modern scientists .
His trip to Egypt

Came in the book of the wise Agafti on San Ibn al-Haytham:
«If I worked in Egypt for its achievement pursuant to get benefit in each of the cases of the increase and decrease.»

Bringing saying this to the Fatimid Al-Hakim, sent him some money secretly, and asked him to come to Egypt. And standing for what he wants to do this project, but Ibn al-Haytham after having identified the place of residence and proceeded to study the river along its course, and when he arrived near Aswan, found the Nile water is cracking down on all its aspects, he realized that he was delusional hasty in claiming the estimated upon which to build a dam reserves water flooding, and unable to land his promise to the potential of his time. then returned to the Governor by order of God, apologizing, before the excuse and the governors of the office of one. However, Ibn al-Haytham feared the wrath of the ruling he was afraid that the plot to him, and pretended to go mad, and has been to demonstrate it until the death of the Fatimid . After his death, he returned to pretend to go mad, housing the Dome of the door of Al-Azhar mosque, and took copies of some books worldwide resource for living, not to mention the authoring and translation; where he was proficient in several languages, and discharged at other time of the formation and experience, and so until his death in 1039, has reached what he wrote to 237 manuscript and a letter in the various branches of science and knowledge, has disappeared from much of this literature, but found again under the mattress.
Transfer of scientific approach Ibn al-Haytham

Ibn al-Haytham was adopted in its research on one of two approaches:

1. Extrapolation method
2. Extraction method

In both cases, it depends on experience and observation, the main concern behind the research is to find the truth that are most chest, and set a goal of the research men, which take advantage of the requests and offers them the right, in his lifetime and after his death.

Ibn al-Haytham was believed that the conflicting views is the only way for the emergence of the truth. The Making of the practical experience of a fixed platform to validate the results or error mental or scientific hypothesis, and then try to express the right conclusion, a precise mathematical formulation.
Founder of Light

His first goal which is the Ibn al-Haytham, and lay the foundations of this science in his landscapes. He has written this book in 411 AH / 1021, in which invested experience medical, his experiments, reaching the results and placed on top of a high in the scientific field, and became the one of the founders of the science has changed the look of scientists for many things in this area so the title of scholars (Prince of Light) .
Its impact on modern science

Ibn al-Haytham studied the phenomena of reflection and refraction of light in detail, and violated the opinions of the ancient Knzeryat Ptolemy, was first denied that the vision is done by radiation emitted from the eye, and laid down the fundamentals of eye contact and explain the full autopsy.

Not only did an autopsy on the eye and placed the parts and function of each part. In addition to that he studied the process of vision, mechanisms and psychological factors and external influences on the process of vision.

The corresponding reference book, which was based upon the most important scientists in the development of modern optical technology, which is historically the first to experience the camera, a name derived from the Arabic word: "cockpit", meaning a small dark room, nets, and is attributed to the principle of work. This has helped a lot of Western scientists, including Newton and Kepler.
Contribution to astronomy

In astronomy Flabn Haytham about 20 manuscripts in this area, has been used genius sports in the discussion of a lot of things astronomical, as discussed in his letters some of the things astronomical reasoned discussion, and reflected the genius of the man on one side, on the other hand the depth of experience and knowledge of astronomy, for example His works include:

* High pole: and it retrieved the high pole, and determine the latitude of any place.
* Lights planets: The difference in landscape moon.
* The light of the moon: and proved that the moon reflects sunlight and has no light myself.
* The impact in the face of the moon: in which discussed the lines that you see in the face of the moon, and concluded that the moon consists of several components, each of which differs in the absorption of incident light and reflect it from the sun, and then show this effect.
* Article in the alert placements mistake in how monitoring.
* Correcting stardom - altitudes of the planets.

And many more.
Its contribution to the kinesiology (mechanics)

As in the science of mechanics was his study of mechanical phenomena in the context of his experiences in the science of light, but reached to monitor the following:

- That the movement of two types:

*; Natural movement: the movement of the body under the influence of weight, which is now known as the "free fall".
*; Occasional movement: a movement that result from the impact of external factor (force), a falling object seen in the utter defeat, the pace has to be stronger and faster if it is longer in length, which depends on the speed of weight and distance traveled by.

- Analysis of movement of the body:

Ibn al-Haytham considered the movement of the body as a vehicle of the two installments (vehicles), one towards the horizon, and the other towards the column on the horizon, and the angle between the two vehicles there, and that the speed with which the body moves is a product of these two installments.

- Lesson when you change the speed of objects colliding according to the characteristics of these objects, the distinction between collision flexible and inflexible, and that was his experience when throwing a ball of steel in his study of light reflection on the surface of iron, and its fall on the surface of wood or dirt.
His contributions to mathematics

It was Ibn al-Haytham contributions outstanding in many sciences is optics; In mathematics, the development of many works, has come to us, including 37 manuscripts, some of which was an explanation and commentary on the books by the first two in this area, and some other basis for the theories of mathematical properties of the triangle and the ball, altitudes and how to extract objects, and so on.
His

Stated that Ibn al-Haytham nearly two hundred books, etc. many messages, the A in engineering and physics, astronomy, arithmetic, algebra, medicine, logic and ethics, the total including those related to math and science education twenty-five, and with regard to philosophy and physics, forty-three, but what written in medicine has reached thirty-part, a book in the medical industry organized by the phrases and the mosques of what he saw as appropriate books of Galen, a thirty-book:

The first proof, and the second in teams of Medicine, and the third in small-scale industry, the fourth in the autopsy, and the fifth in natural forces, and sixth in the benefits of members, and seventh in the views of Hippocrates and Plato, and eighth in the semen, and the ninth in the sound, and X at the illness and symptoms, and atheist ten in types of diets, and the twelfth in the two seas, and XIII to beat the Great, and the Fourteenth Alostksat the opinion of Hippocrates, and fifteenth in the mood and sixteenth in the force of medicines individual and seventeenth in the forces of drug vehicle, and the eighteenth Topics Member Alalmp, and nineteenth-trick heal, and twenty in the maintenance of health, atheist Twenty-quality Alkimus and badness, and the twenty-second in diseases of the eye, and XXIII that the forces of self-belonging to the mood of the body, and the twenty-fourth in the bad mood is different, and Twenty-fifth in the days of two seas, and the twenty-sixth in the many, and the twenty-seventh in the use of bloodletting to cure disease, and twenty-eighth to wilt, and twenty-ninth in the best bodies, body, and nostalgic collection Thirty son of Isaac, from the words of Galen and Hippocrates in the words of food *

The census showed these works that A in the affairs of a major medical transport, mostly for Galen, but was suspended by the increased them, and a thousand other books, are relevant to medicine and treatment, Chrisalth the impact Allhon music in the soul animal at a time were not the treatment of certain diseases psychological, hymns, music has found its way, occupied its place in the world of psychological treatments *
Books that has been written by

* Book of Optics: which is considered a revolution in the world of optics, which has refused a number of theories of Ptolemy in the science of light, after reaching new theories became the nucleus of modern optics.
o One of the main views contained in the book:
o Ptolemy claimed that the vision is done by radiation emitted from the eye to the body visible, and as Ibn al-Haytham came to blow up this theory, stating that the vision is done by radiation reflected from the body towards the visual eye sighted.
o As the Ibn al-Haytham that the light beam is spread in a straight line within the central homogeneous.
o Ibn al-Haytham discovered the phenomenon of reflection of light, and the phenomenon of turning light.
o One of the main achievements that demonstrate the full autopsy eye, and the function of each part of them
* Parallax Moon
* See the planets
* The alarm on the monitoring of the mistake
* Space assets
* Columns of triangles
* Mirrors Holocaust Balqtua
* Mirrors Holocaust Chambers
* How to adumbration
* Message in the twilight
* Explain the origins of Euclid's
* Article in the form of الکسوف
* Message in the space Almsjm المکافی
* Article in the square the circle
* Article in Mstqsap الاشکال Hilalian
* Properties of the triangle on the one hand column
* Known to say unusual in transactions account
* Say in space Ball.
* Book of the Whole of the assets of the account.
* Book in the analysis of engineering problems.
* Article in the analysis and synthesis.

The Empire of Reason
Science and Islam 1